What’s in this quarter's update:
We see positive growth in FMCG spending, but this growth varies across different demographics. Explore the nuances in how regions and socio-economic classes have spent on FMCG, what categories they have spent it on, and where they did their shopping.

ECONOMIC SITUATION
In the final quarter of 2024, some macroeconomic indicators have improved. However, GDP growth has been the lowest since Q2 2023.

CATEGORY HIGHLIGHTS
Among FMCG sectors, Household Care is the biggest gainer. While Food is growing, this is partially driven by price increases.

SHOPPING BEHAVIOR
While Sari-sari Stores and Hyper/Supermarkets remain the go-to channels, Filipinos continue to embrace an omni-channel shopping approach, with spending growing in Direct Sales, Discounters, and E-commerce.

Speak to our experts. Reach out to us through e-mail at worldpanel.philippines@kantar.com.

With the slow down in inflation throughout 2024, shoppers have adapted how and what they buy. This has translated into demand-led growth within categories after months of navigating price hikes.In this 2025 edition of our Outlook, we want to offer pockets of inspiration for growth covering the following:

1. Capturing Election Spending: With increased economic activities during elections, how can we capture spending?
2. Maximizing the 3^rd Space: What are our opportunities for expanded growth in the third space?
3. Enabling Healthier Options: How can manufacturers enable consumers to make healthier choices?
4. Relating to the Next Gen Shoppers: As generations Z and Alpha become integral, how can we relate to the next generation of shoppers?
5. Pursuing the Omni-Shopper: How are modern retailers maximizing the rise of proximity stores to pursue omni-shoppers?

We look forward to partnering with you to help you capture these opportunities. Book a free consultation with us.

The new company will provide verified first-party consumer data representing almost five billion consumers globally. As companies prioritize first-party data to meet privacy and data sovereignty requirements, Numerator remains committed to delivering industry-leading privacy standards to uphold consumer trust.

Eric Belcher, currently CEO of Numerator, will lead the new combined organization which will operate globally under the name Numerator. The new company's organization will be set up in compliance with local regulations.

“Brands, retailers, economists, and Wall Street analysts rely on permissioned, differentiated data to stay ahead of consumer trends. Numerator and Worldpanel capture over one million global shopping trips daily, and we use patented methodology to process them,” said Eric Belcher, CEO, Numerator. “Our ownership of this data ensures that it is complete and unrestricted, meeting the growing demand for domain-specific data to fuel AI models.”

Numerator and Worldpanel data are widely used in consumer and shopper insights, while marketers leverage the data for audience creation and ad measurement. With its increasing use in predictive analytics, the new company’s data can inform AI models that forecast trends, identify opportunities, and power personalized experiences at scale.

The new company will be headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, with 5,800 employees worldwide. Its organization will be set up in compliance with local regulations. Guillaume Bacuvier, current CEO of Worldpanel, will continue his successful leadership of the business outside of North America, reporting to Eric Belcher.

Contact:

Numerator
Bob Richter
Richter Media
press@numerator.com
+1 212-802-8588

About Numerator: Numerator is a data and tech company bringing speed and scale to market research. Numerator blends first-party data from over 1 million US households with advanced technology to provide 360-degree consumer understanding for the market research industry that has been slow to change. Headquartered in Chicago, IL, Numerator has 2,000 employees worldwide; 80 of the top 100 CPG brands’ manufacturers are Numerator clients.

Worldpanel decodes shopper behaviour to shape brand futures. Worldpanel provides currency-grade consumer data representing 5 billion consumers in 49 countries, offering brands a multi-dimensional view of how people think, how they shop and how they consume, so they can set bold strategies and drive sustainable business impact. Worldpanel has 3,800 employees worldwide.
The new company's organization will be set up in compliance with local regulations.

What’s in this quarter's update:
In this edition, we will see how the consistently better macro situation translates to sustained, broad-based FMCG growth. An overview of how shoppers are spending more across mega categories, majority of socio-economic classes, regions and channels in Q3 2024 versus year ago.

ECONOMIC SITUATION
Slower inflation allows shoppers to sustain strong spending but need to brace for typhoon impact.

SHOPPING BEHAVIOR
Shoppers are shelling out on more categories including pantry staples such as cooking oil, water, seasonings, and non-food items like shampoo and home care products.

While Sari-sari and hyper-supers are still the go to channels, more Filipinos are becoming omni-channel shoppers, with bigger spending in modern proximity like groceries and drug stores

Speak to our experts. Reach out to us through e-mail at worldpanel.philippines@kantar.com.

What’s in this quarter's update:
With sustained better macroeconomic context, we will see that this has helped continue positive consumer spending towards Q2. A topline view of how mega categories, majority of socio-economic classes, regions and channels performed better in Q2 2024 versus year ago.

ECONOMIC SITUATION
With inflation easing, Filipino shoppers sustain spend on FMCG (+8.4% Q2 vs YA), with broad-based growth cutting across most regions and socio-economic classes. 

However, a dip in consumer confidence is also evident and shoppers continue to rationalize their product mix. Given this, how can marketers help shoppers and drive growth for their brands?

SHOPPING BEHAVIOR
Save for dairy, shoppers are spreading their budget across a wider variety of FMCG products that includes personal care and homecare.

In terms of where they shop, Filipino shoppers go for proximity and convenience via Sari-sari stores, groceries and market stalls. Modern trade stabilizes recently helped by top key retailers.

Speak to our experts. Reach out to us through e-mail at worldpanel.philippines@kantar.com.

Investing in the right media platform to maximise ad-effectiveness

Understanding which platforms can convert communications into sales is critical, beyond the ability to deliver the highest return on ad spend (ROAS)

What’s in this quarter's update:
We will see how the improvement in our economy impacted consumer spending at the start of the year.  A topline view of how mega categories, socio-economic classes, regions and channels performed in Q1 2024 vs Q4 2023, Q1 2023. 

ECONOMIC SITUATION
Better economic conditions (better GDP, higher employment rate, and manageable inflation) boost confidence for Filipinos to spend on in-home FMCG during last holiday season and this continues at the start of the year.

SHOPPING BEHAVIOR
As inflationary conditions continue to improve (majority of categories already at below +10% average price increase), shoppers are continuing to buy more volume while rationalizing product choices. 

Speak to our experts. Reach out to us through e-mail at worldpanel.philippines@kantar.com.

In this report, we will see how the continuing saga of economic challenges have impacted consumer spending in the most festive season of the year. A topline view of how mega categories, socio-economic classes, regions and channels performed in quarter 4 of 2023. 

Speak to our experts. Reach out to us through e-mail at worldpanel.philippines@kantar.com.

Key Highlights:

ECONOMIC SITUATION: While the economic conditions are getting better with lower unemployment rates, inflation remain to be high hence shoppers keep cautious on their spending.

SHOPPING BEHAVIOUR: In the recent quarter, Filipinos maintain their FMCG spend with the back-to-school despite facing inflationary pressures by reviewing their product and channel choices. Shoppers compromise by purchasing in more trips but spend less every purchase occasion.

Please feel free to reach out to us for the full report and more insights on the main FMCG categories that shoppers put into their baskets and the channels and named retailers that they prefer to shop in.

Key Highlights:

ECONOMIC SITUATION: We continue to see better economic conditions in recent periods.  Improved unemployment rates mean better spending capacity for Filipinos. However, consumer confidence remains low. While inflation rates have been slowing down since the start of the year, Filipinos will continue to contend with increasing prices.

SHOPPING BEHAVIOUR: In the recent quarter, FMCG spending slows down as shoppers continue to cope with rising prices of goods. Shoppers compromise on their product choices, as we see volumes tapering and downtrading happening recently. Filipino shoppers prioritize staples such as Water and Family/Adult Milk but also have an allocation for non-essential items like Softdrinks. Shoppers deprioritize other staples like Bread, Cooking Oil, and Instant Noodles from their basket.

CHANNEL LANDSCAPE: Proximity channels such as SSS and Groceries remain relevant amongst shoppers as they continue to manage their budgets. As for Hyper/Supers, shoppers continue to maintain their FMCG spending.

Feel free to reach out to us for the full report.

Join us as we delve into the preferences and behaviours of Asian consumers, revealing the winning brands known as the "Most Chosen Brands."

In this report, you will learn about:

1. Asian Consumers' Response to Post-Covid Reopening and Inflation

As the world grappled with the aftermath of the pandemic, Asian consumers showcased their resilience and adaptability. We meticulously examine how consumers in the region responded to the evolving landscape, particularly in the context of post-pandemic reopening and inflationary pressures. Gain valuable insights into shifting consumer behaviours and expectations during these uncertain times.

2. Global vs. Local vs. Super vs. Small Brands: A Comparative Analysis

The battle for consumer attention and loyalty rages on, pitting global giants against local champions and everything in between. Our engaging comparative analysis reveals which types of brands are thriving in the ever-competitive Asian market. Discover the factors that propel brands to success, whether they are international powerhouses, homegrown gems, super brands, or nimble small-scale enterprises.

3. Most Chosen FMCG Brands in Asia and Local Winners in 11 Markets

Which FMCG brands hold the key to Asian consumers' hearts and wallets? In this section, we present a comprehensive list of the most chosen FMCG brands across the region. Additionally, we spotlight the local champions in each of the 11 markets. Explore the reasons behind their popularity and understand how they have built lasting connections with consumers.

4. Unlocking Success Factors of Industry Leaders: Sunsilk, Lay's, Sprite, and More

Certain brands seem to possess the superpower when it comes to captivating consumers. We take a dive into the success stories of iconic brands like Sunsilk, Lay's, Sprite, and others, uncovering the strategies and unique aspects that have propelled them to the top. Gain valuable insights into their marketing approaches, product innovation, and customer engagement strategies that set them apart from the competition.

The Asian consumer landscape is ever-evolving, influenced by many factors. From the response to global events like Covid to the emergence of local heroes in various markets, understanding these trends and insights is crucial for brands seeking to impact the region.

As you delve into the detailed analysis provided in this report, may you uncover valuable opportunities to connect with Asian consumers and build brands that resonate deeply with their preferences and aspirations.

Key Highlights:

ECONOMIC SITUATION: The Philippine economy continues to grow but growth is slower than previous quarter amidst higher inflation and unemployment. Meanwhile, consumers remain pessimistic, but confidence improves versus last quarter. Filipinos cut down spend on Food and Beverages but are able to maintain their spend on out-of-home activities.

SHOPPING BEHAVIOUR: Shoppers continue to improve their FMCG spend coming out of the pandemic and maintain their purchases after the holidays. However, noticeable slowdown in spend coming from middle to lower income classes is noted, who are also more affected by inflation. Spend on Food and Beverage stabilizes, as shoppers prioritize staples, such as Cooking Oil.

CHANNEL LANDSCAPE: Neighborhood channels remain important amidst inflation, such as SSS, Groceries, and DS, where shoppers can conveniently access and can purchase smaller quantities with lower cash outlays to cope with rising prices. For hyper/supers, shoppers are maintaining their overall spend for FMCG.

Feel free to reach out to us for the full report.

How is inflation reshaping your category?

With prices still rising faster than wages, shoppers are continually making tough decisions to manage their household grocery budget. Kantar’s Worldpanel division can now reveal exactly how these decisions are impacting categories across FMCG. 

By continuously tracking what shoppers are putting in their baskets, and where they are shopping, it is possible to identify and quantify the actions being taken in response to rising prices:

How inflation is impacting and reshaping your category is clearly revealed once these individual responses are summed up for the millions of households in each market. 

Let’s have a look at an example below from Indonesia, where Total FMCG inflation has fallen to 6% in Q4 22 from a peak of 12% in Q2 22. What is immediately apparent is that Indonesian shoppers have absorbed a lot of the price increases, as shown by the yellow bars. Crucially there hasn’t been a net drop in FMCG volumes, in fact category repertoires have increased (blue bars). Where Indonesian shoppers are trying to offset rising prices is via downgrading, actively seeking out lower priced products than they have been buying previously. One concern for the industry is that this downgrading trend is increasing despite the rate of inflation cooling off. 

It is vital that manufacturers and retailers have a clear view of the shopping decisions reshaping their priority categories, and take a shopper-centric approach to decision-making relating to price increases, promotional support, assortment, innovation etc.

Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any inquiries or would like to discuss further opportunities for your brand.

And for more insights into the evolving needs and behaviours caused by social and economic challenges in Southeast Asia please watch our recent webinar “Under Pressure in Southeast Asia: What marketers need to know now for strategic planning”.

2022 was a year of contrasts:

After a few months of stop and go in terms of mobility in Q1, we started to discover life post covid. This meant going out a little more, returning to the office or to school. And with this, our needs evolved, and our repertoire of categories expanded again.

But the recovery was progressively impacted by rising prices, limiting again the purchase power of consumer and shoppers.

2023 will largely be shaped by the level of inflation we will face.

If under control, then evolving needs post pandemic should fuel repertoire expansion and some degree of premiumization. On the other hand, if prices continue to rise, shoppers will be forced to make tough decisions again.

In this report, we have formed a point of view on the key trends that will shape 2023:

1. Trade Off, Trade Up, Trade Down: Shoppers will be making trade offs, and they have been doing so by reviewing their product mix
2. Private Labels: As they seek value, more homes are considering Private Labels
3. Modern Convenience: Expanding channel repertoire via stores offering convenience
4. In and Out Lifestyle: Globally, people are also recovering their OOH spending
5. Sustainability: Polarizing Sentiments of shoppers on sustainability
6. Beyond Hygiene: Shoppers picking up Non-Essentials H&B again in their baskets
7. Pet-demic: People will continue to spend more on their fur families

Whether pandemic or hyperinflation, shoppers will continue to face disruptions. What matters most is our readiness to catch the tide. A way to do so is by mitigating some the uncertainties by understanding shoppers' actual behaviour.

It is how manufacturers are set to capture these as they evolve that will make all the difference.

We look forward to partnering with you to help you capture these opportunities. Book a free consultation with us.

Key Highlights:

ECONOMIC SITUATION: The Philippine economy shows steady recovery, but inflation also continues to have an impact on our lives and consumer confidence continue to decline. Still, Filipinos are starting to spend more on dining out and other recreational activities during the holidays.

SHOPPING BEHAVIOUR: With steady economic recovery, FMCG spending remains higher during the 2022 holidays vs. the previous year. However, with inflation, shoppers are recently becoming cautious of their FMCG spending.

Spend on food and beverages continue to grow, but shoppers are recently reducing their spend on personal care.

CHANNEL LANDSCAPE: To cope with rising prices, shoppers continue to manage their budget through sari-sari stores. Within hyper/supers, shoppers are maintaining their overall spend for FMCG.

Feel free to reach out to us for the full report.

Inflation in South-East Asia presents huge challenges for the FMCG industry, pushing brands to be aware that shoppers, categories, and markets are responding differently to the pressure of rising prices. This playbook will explain how FMCG brands should react to South-East Asia’s rising inflation.

The playbook covers the following:

• Shoppers’ reaction to the inflation

Shoppers, of course, will have different reactions when facing rising prices. There are three factors that marketers will want to consider as they develop their strategies, which are covered in the playbook.

• Markets, categories, and shopper understanding

How much demand for each category will be affected by inflation will depend on whether it’s classed as an essential ‘need’ or a nice-to-have ‘want’. The former might include necessity categories like cooking oil and eggs, while the latter could include indulgent or occasional treats like hair conditioners.

• Choosing the right strategy

There are five options for boosting performance in an inflation-driven market; each has its condition and perks. Understanding how cash-strapped shoppers are encouraged or discouraged when selecting a brand is important for brands to choose the right strategy in each market.

If you are keen to explore more on this topic in the region or specific market, please get in touch with us.

Asia leads the world in eating out and ‘eating out at home’, with South Koreans averaging 148 ordered meal orders per year, an increase of 13% year over year. Thai and Chinese people make up the top three, averaging more than 100 orders per year. In Europe, the British lead the way with 67 orders per year, up 40% year over year.

Dining out has recovered to pre-pandemic levels in value-terms, although not in the number of visits which remains at about 80% of 2019-levels. On each visit to a restaurant, people are spending, on average 15% more compared to H1 2019. Quick Service restaurants are the big winners in the category, growing 21% in revenue compared to H1/2019. Full-service restaurant revenues are still down 7% compared to pre-pandemic levels, while pubs, bars and café revenue is still down 1% vs 2019.

Meal delivery, which exploded during the pandemic, having attracted venture capital funding around the world, has become a post-pandemic staple for many households. While in Europe, penetration rates have slipped back from their pandemic peaks, in all measured countries, they are still higher than their early 2020 levels. Across Europe’s capital cities, more than half of people order food delivery at least once per month. More than 90% of suburban population in South Korea, China and Thailand order home delivery at least once per month. 

Food delivery aggregators now dominate the home delivery scene, accounting for more than half of all deliveries in every measured market except Mexico. In China the top aggregators are Meituan and Eleme. In Great Britain, Uber Eats and Just Eat lead, while in Spain, Just Eat and Glovo are market leaders. 

Growth in frequency of orders has been key to the success of the food delivery industry. Across Asian metropoles, more than one in three consumer order at least weekly. In European capitals, the number of people ordering at least weekly has doubled since the beginning of 2020. The number of Londoners ordering up to three times per month has grown from 14% to 25% in two years.   

Other key findings of the report, which surveyed 15,000 people in 10 countries on a research on top of Worldpanel’s Out-of-Home consumer panel, include:

• People choose to dine out or ‘eat out, at home’ for lunch or dinner every 4 days on average vs every 6 days last year.
• One in 4 meal delivery orders is triggered by treating ourselves or children’s suggestions.
• Pizza is the most ordered food delivery in Paris, Madrid and São Paulo. Brits prefer ordering burgers, while Asians and Mexicans prefer their local cuisine.
• People visit coffee shops almost as much as they did before (91% recovery in value through on-premise sales).

“The past two years taught us the true meaning of disruption and adaptability,” said Javier Sánchez, Foodservice Industry expert, Worldpanel Division, Kantar. “As we navigate increasing financial volatility, we expect consumers to become even savvier with their money. The battle for loyalty will continue the hardest to win across the industry. Becoming meaningfully different through deeper insights that enable innovation and new types of eating experiences is the only way for the food services industry to continue its post-pandemic recovery path.”

The full report is available here.

Missed the webinar? Watch it here.

Key Highlights:

ECONOMIC SITUATION: Consumer confidence in the economy declines as inflationary pressure heightens. However, the decrease of unemployment rate meant more jobs are now available to Filipinos as workplaces reopens for Q3. 

SHOPPING BEHAVIOUR: While spending remains to be higher versus year ago, shoppers are recently maintaining their spending for Total FMCG as they adapt to inflationary pressure. This is driven by middle to lower income homes and less-developed regions with spending focused mostly on Food and Home Care.

CHANNEL LANDSCAPE: Shoppers are deeming direct sales and groceries as additional channel options as it offers cash outlay and more product choices for the buyers.

Feel free to reach out to us for the full report.

This year’s Brand Footprint Philippines features the much-awaited rankings of the most chosen brands as well as inspiring stories of growth. The Brand Footprint ranking reveals which brands are winning, using the Consumer Reach Points (CRP) measure.

The report highlights the following:

• Most Chosen Brands of 2021
• Fastest Growing Brands of 2021
• Most Chosen Brands each Sector (Food, Dairy, Beverage, Health and Beauty, and Home Care) of 2021

We are excited to discuss in more detail what Brand Footprint is as well as the Five Levers for Growth and beyond.  

Schedule a presentation.

You can also access the ranking in more detail across sectors and countries here.

At the start of 2021, we knew that the extraordinary growth observed in 2020 was an effect of the restrictions on movement around the globe and not a trend.

By the end of the year we saw a slowdown in global value growth to just +2.1%, a similar growth rate we experienced pre-COVID. Whilst we also observed the continued steady growth of ecommerce globally but signs of stagnation in Western Europe.

In 2022 with rising inflation and the war in the heart of Europe, understanding these impacts on shopping behaviour and the retail structure is critical to shape effective strategies going forward.

Read the report.

Discover all our findings and how we can help your business:

• Watch the webinar English | Spanish
• Contact our experts

Before COVID-19, the Beauty sector was the fastest growing part of the FMCG industry. But the pandemic changed that. Masks went on. Lockdowns came in. And one of the best performing sectors suddenly found itself struggling in the face of people going out less often and using fewer products.

Fortunately, the Beauty sector is on the road to recovery, and we are seeing consumer trends diverge in two distinct directions: simplification and sophistication.

Our latest report On trend: The evolving Beauty consumer takes you through the very latest global purchase and usage trends from the sector including:

• A look at the size and growth of the main Beauty categories and how changing usage occasions impacts their performance
• Understanding the factors driving changes in behaviour – such as longer hair among females and an increasing number of people with facial skin conditions
• The trend towards ‘natural looking beauty’ and how this differs across the world.

After two years of uncertainty living under the pandemic, we thought we will finally see a new normal in Asia. However, before this happens, we are now hit by another challenge of inflationary pressure that is affecting both consumers and brands. 

Looking across the key markets in Asia, we are indeed seeing price increase seen across most markets with volume slowdown. Shoppers in Chinese Mainland, Indonesia and Philippines are potentially switching to cheaper products. 

Date Source: Kantar Worldpanel

The good news is, we are still expecting FMCG to grow in 2022.

Across South East Asia markets, we are projecting that Q4’22 growth will be around 3% despite price increase as likely due to the opening of local economy.

Date Source: Kantar Worldpanel

Understanding how shoppers will react to price and inflationary pressure will help in determining our brand growth strategies and in this paper we will be looking at the different behaviours that shoppers will potentially demonstrate during uncertain times across FMCG categories. Some of the key potential shopper reactions to categories are:

1. Increase/reduce in Overall Category Volume
2. Increase/reduce in Choice of Segments
3. Switch Channels
4. Increase/reduce Promotional Reliance
5. Switch brands or move to Private Label
6. Changes in Product Mix (segment, pack sizes)
7. New/Lost Buyers

In addition, we have enlisted key industry views from our key partners who each excel in their sector: Friesland Campina, Coca Cola, Mars Wrigley and Unilever who will also be sharing their insights and views on how brands can cope with inflation and continue to reach consumers during these times.

Reach out to us to discuss strategies for your brand in times of inflation.

Digital ecosystem for Beauty: How to play to win!

Beauty is a highly developed category within Asia, but it never stands still. COVID-19 has driven many shoppers to become more digital savvy – and brands must not get left behind. Our webinar – Digital ecosystems for Beauty: How to play to win – will provide the vital knowledge you need to understand how to build your brand’s presence in the e-retail environment, and to grow business.

The Worldpanel division of Kantar in Asia will be hosting an exclusive webinar featuring its Beauty experts from the region, who will be sharing insights on where the greatest opportunities lie for Beauty brands seeking to grow in APAC.

In this webinar we will take a detailed look at the current beauty landscape in Asia, including:

• The evolution of online vs offline environments
• Who is buying beauty online?
• Key beauty products consumers are purchasing
• Biggest platforms, how they are developing and how shoppers use them

What you will takeaways from this webinar:

Where to focus investment. We will explain how to select and prioritise the digital platforms that will work best for your brand. Is it more profitable to focus on the top two or three? Or should you be present across them all?

Which types of shoppers you should target. Taking into account the platform, and the ‘evolutionary’ stage the buyer is at. We will also describe how to reach new addressable markets, including the growing Boomer and Silver segments.

How to deliver sustainable growth. Our Beauty experts will share strategies for increasing digital sales while protecting offline business, ensuring growth is incremental. And we’ll explore how to win new buyers while retaining existing ones. Should you use ecommerce to drive trial? Or to strengthen loyalty, example by encouraging trade-up?

The route to category captaincy. Through examining your competitors, to determine opportunities to source growth and increase your brand’s share of the market. Excellent for new or emerging beauty brands looking to capitalize and grow market share.

A comprehensive report is yours! At the end of the webinar, each participant will receive a detailed report with all the data and insights across markets in Asia. This will provide you with the competitive edge to drive brand growth into 2022.  

3 November 2021

16:00 – 17:30 (Singapore time)

SGD$120 per participant

CLICK HERE TO REGISTER

However, more than half of Filipinos find it difficult to be environmentally-friendly because alternatives were either hard to find or more expensive. Despite these challenges, many Filipinos also said they have witnessed a change in behavior among their friends and family in this aspect.

“Sustainability is an important topic and the pandemic has put an emphasis on the importance of health and wellness for consumers. Based on our research, there is huge potential for the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry in the Philippines to apply more environmental practices as more Filipino shoppers are ready to embrace sustainable living and support eco-friendly brands,” Marie-Anne Lezoraine, General Manager, Worldpanel Division, Kantar Philippines said.

Explore Filipino's attitudes and actions towards sustainable living by downloading the infographic and our press release. Feel free to reach out to our experts to learn more about our recent sustainability research.